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Logistics, queuing and optimisation models are combined to study the impact of last-mile parking availability on commercial vehicle costs and operations. Parking availability levels affect commercial vehicle parking costs and operations and has an impact on route characteristics and commercial vehicle fleet sizes. The magnitude of the parking availability impacts on costs is a function of customer and route characteristics. Elasticity values indicates that only a few variables have a significant impact on commercial vehicle parking behaviour. Productivity improvements like service time reductions may result in undesirable changes in commercial vehicle parking behaviour.
Figliozzi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.