Trajectory adaptation to a nonlinear visuomotor transformation: evidence of motion planning in visually perceived space

Although reaching movements are characterized by hand paths that tend to follow roughly straight lines in Cartesian space, a fundamental issue is whether this reflects constraints associated with perception or movement production. 2. To address this issue, we examined two-joint planar reaching movements in which we manipulated the mapping between actual and visually perceived motion. In particular, we used a nonlinear transformation such that straight line hand paths in Cartesian space would result in curved paths in perceived space and vice versa. 3. Under these conditions, subjects learned to make straight line paths in perceived space even though the paths of the hand in Cartesian space were markedly curved. In contrast, when the motion was perceived in Cartesian space (i.e., in the absence of a nonlinear distortion), straight line hand paths were observed. 4. These findings suggest that visually guided reaching movements are planned in a perceptual frame of reference. Reaching movements in the horizontal plane are adapted so as to produce straight lines in visually perceived space.