Involvement of MAPKs and NF‐κB in tumor necrosis factor α–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts

In RASFs, TNFalpha-induced VCAM-1 expression is mediated through activation of the p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying cytokine-initiated joint inflammation in RA and may inspire new targeted therapeutic approaches.