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A parallel genetic algorithm (GA) was used to generate, in a single run, a family of aerodynamically efficient, low-noise rotor blade designs representing the Pareto optimal set. The n-branch tournament, uniform crossover genetic algorithm operates on twenty design variables, which constitute the control points for a spline representing the airfoil surface. The GA takes advantage of available computer resources by operating in either serial mode or manager/worker parallel mode. The multiple objectives of this work were to maximize lift-to-drag of a rotor airfoil shape and to minimize an overall noise measure including effects of loading and thickness noise of the airfoil. Constraints are placed on minimum lift coefficient, pitching moment and boundary layer convergence. The program XFOIL provides the aerodynamic analysis, and the code WOPWOP provides the aeroacoustic analysis. The Pareto-optimal airfoil set has been generated and is compared to the performance of a typical rotorcraf...
Jones et al. (Sat,) studied this question.