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It is well known that the day-to-day changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation are not predictable beyond two weeks. The small-scale rainfall patterns associated with the large-scale circulation patterns may not be predictable beyond even a few days. However, the space–time averages of certain atmospheric and oceanic variables are predictable for months to seasons. This chapter gives a pedagogical review of the ideas and the results that have led to our current understanding and the status of the predictability of seasonal climate variations.
Shukla et al. (Thu,) studied this question.