Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been attracting increasing attention in hyperspectral (HS) image classification due to their ability to capture spatial-spectral feature representations. Nevertheless, their ability in modeling relations between the samples remains limited. Beyond the limitations of grid sampling, graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have been recently proposed and successfully applied in irregular (or nongrid) data representation and analysis. In this article, we thoroughly investigate CNNs and GCNs (qualitatively and quantitatively) in terms of HS image classification. Due to the construction of the adjacency matrix on all the data, traditional GCNs usually suffer from a huge computational cost, particularly in large-scale remote sensing (RS) problems. To this end, we develop a new minibatch GCN (called miniGCN hereinafter), which allows to train large-scale GCNs in a minibatch fashion. More significantly, our miniGCN is capable of inferring out-of-sample data without retraining networks and improving classification performance. Furthermore, as CNNs and GCNs can extract different types of HS features, an intuitive solution to break the performance bottleneck of a single model is to fuse them. Since miniGCNs can perform batchwise network training (enabling the combination of CNNs and GCNs), we explore three fusion strategies: additive fusion, elementwise multiplicative fusion, and concatenation fusion to measure the obtained performance gain. Extensive experiments, conducted on three HS data sets, demonstrate the advantages of miniGCNs over GCNs and the superiority of the tested fusion strategies with regard to the single CNN or GCN models. The codes of this work will be available at https: //github. com/danfenghong/IEEETGRSGCN for the sake of reproducibility.