The Role of Learning Environment in the Development of Pragmatic Comprehension

This study examines the role of environment in the development of pragmatic comprehension. It tracks two groups of Japanese students of English: 60 students in a college in Japan (English as a foreign language EFL learners) and 57 students in a college in the United States (English as a second language ESL learners). The learners completed a computerized listening task that measured their ability to comprehend two types of implied meaning: indirect refusals ( k = 24) and indirect opinions ( k = 24). The task was given to each group twice, before and after the students received approximately 120–130 hr of classroom instruction. Comprehension was analyzed for accuracy (scores) and speed (average time taken to answer each item correctly). Results showed that, in both learner groups, accuracy and comprehension speed improved significantly over time. For the EFL group, the magnitude of effect was much less for speed than for accuracy. In contrast, ESL learners showed significant improvement in comprehension speed, with a sizable effect size, but only marginal improvement in accuracy.