China's oases have expanded by nearly 40% over the past 20 years

Abstract Oases are supporters of biological, social, and economic activities in arid regions, which guides their prosperity or decay. Given that China has the largest oases area in the world, determining their evolution is of substantial importance for sustainable development and the ecological protection of these systems. Accordingly, the spatiotemporal evolution of China's oases between 2000 and 2020 was analyzed. This was based on the normalized difference vegetation index derived from moderate imaging spectroradiometer data, combined with superpixel image segmentation, the region adjacency graph merging method, and the genetic algorithm. The results were as follows. Between 2000 and 2020: (1) the oases in China expanded significantly from 207,812 to 289,751 km 2 ; with a total increase of 39.43%; and the number of oases decreased from 135 to 93, which mainly occurred in micro and small oases; (2) the areas of oases in stable, expanding, and shrinking states accounted for 96.77%, 42.65%, and respectively 3.23% of the total oasis area in 2000. Oases have become more concentrated and continuously expanded; (3) the increase in glacial meltwater and precipitation caused by rising temperatures increased the availability of water resources in oases, which provides the substantial basis for expansion; and (4) the primary anthropogenic drivers of oasis expansion and stabilization regions were cultivation and construction, respectively.