Renal cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of solid malignancies characterized by substantial biological and clinical variability, with direct implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Although relatively uncommon compared with other cancers, its clinical impact is disproportionate due to frequent late-stage diagnosis, unpredictable disease course and the complexity of management. Recent advances in the understanding of tumor biology have led to major changes in the management of renal cancer, particularly through the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These approaches have significantly improved outcomes in advanced disease, while also introducing new challenges related to treatment selection, therapeutic sequencing and the management of treatment-related toxicity. This review provides a concise and clinically oriented overview of renal cancer, covering the general framework and main subtypes, epidemiology and risk factors, relevant aspects of tumor biology, clinical presentation and diagnostic strategies, principles of staging and prognostic assessment, current treatment approaches, as well as persisting challenges and grey areas in contemporary oncological practice.
Neicu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.