Anatomical and Computed Tomography Study of the Mandible of Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos)

Understanding mandibular anatomy in brown bears (Ursus arctos) is essential for interpreting their feed-ing ecology and adaptive strategies. This study aims to provide a detailed morphological and morphometric analysis of the brown bear mandible using advanced imaging techniques, and to investigate how these ana-tomical features relate to the species’ omnivorous dietary habits. Twelve adult mandibles were obtained from brown bears that died of natural causes or were culled as part of wildlife population management programs. All specimens were scanned using high-resolution computed tomography. The computed tomography datasets were processed using specialized segmentation software to generate accurate three-dimensional reconstruc-tions of the mandibles. These digital models were then subjected to both morphometric measurements and qualitative anatomical assessment. The analysis revealed mandibular characteristics well-adapted to omniv-orous feeding, including a robust coronoid process, a broad pterygoid fossa, a strong mandibular condyle, and a well-defined mandibular canal, all of which contribute to efficient mastication of both animal and plant materials. Although the sample size was limited to 12 specimens, which may constrain the generalizability of the findings, the use of non-destructive, high-resolution imaging techniques allowed for precise anatomical characterization. The results provide important insights into the species’ functional morphology and have po-tential applications in both comparative anatomy and clinical veterinary practice. This study establishes a base-line for future comparative investigations into mandibular form and function in omnivorous mammals.