What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to improve immunotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer by targeting the tumor microenvironment.

April 19, 2026

Abstract LB264: Turning cold tumors hot: Targeted TNF potentiates the activity of bispecific T cell engagers in solid tumors

Key Points

The research aims to improve immunotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer by targeting the tumor microenvironment.
Introduced L19-TNF to induce intratumoral inflammation and enhance T cell infiltration.
Utilized a CD3-based bispecific T cell engager targeting CEA for antigen-specific cytotoxicity.
Conducted in vitro assays to assess tumor cell killing and T cell proliferation.
Performed in vivo experiments to evaluate tumor regression and survival in animal models.
Analyzed tumor microenvironment characteristics post-treatment.
The combination of L19-TNF and TCE induced complete tumor regression in most animal subjects.
Treatment prolonged survival and provided durable protection against tumor recurrence.
Increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration and upregulated ICAM-1 expression were observed, indicating TME remodeling.
Synergistic effects on tumor cell killing and T cell proliferation were confirmed in vitro.

Abstract

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health burden and an area of urgent unmet medical need. Immunotherapy has shown limited success in CRC, since most patients present with an immune-excluded, “cold” tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we introduce a novel dual-modality approach combining the TNF-based fusion protein directed to the extradomain B (EDB) of fibronectin, L19-TNF, which induces localized intratumoral inflammation and facilitates T cell infiltration, with a CD3-based bispecific T cell engager (TCE) targeting CEA, which mediates antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Together, these agents aim to remodel the TME, convert “cold” tumors into inflamed, “hot” lesions, and broaden the therapeutic reach of immunotherapy in CRC. Immunohistochemistry confirmed co-expression of CEA and EDB across microsatellite-stable and -instable tumors. In vitro, L19-TNF in combination with CEAxCD3 TCE synergistically enhanced tumor cell killing and CD8⁺ T-cell proliferation. In vivo, the combination induced complete tumor regression in most animals, prolonged survival, and conferred durable protection against tumor rechallenge. Furthermore, mechanistic analyses revealed enhanced TCE extravasation, upregulated ICAM-1 expression, and increased CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration, indicating vascular modulation and remodeling of the TME toward an inflamed, “hot” phenotype. These findings confirm that targeted delivery of TNF to the TME can effectively enhance the activity of immunotherapeutic agents, such as T cell redirecting therapies, in challenging tumor settings. Citation Format: Gudrun Thorhallsdottir, Ramon Benz, Pinuccia Faviana, Francesco Bartoli, Samuele Cazzamalli, Emanuele Puca, Dario Neri, Abdullah Elsayed. Turning cold tumors hot: Targeted TNF potentiates the activity of bispecific T cell engagers in solid tumors abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2026; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts) ; 2026 Apr 17-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2026;86 (8Suppl): Abstract nr LB264.

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Abstract LB264: Turning cold tumors hot: Targeted TNF potentiates the activity of bispecific T cell engagers in solid tumors

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