Soil penetration resistance (Pr) measurement is important for assessing compaction and permeability; however, Pr is heavily dependent on soil moisture. Therefore, the interpretation of Pr data is significantly more reliable if moisture is measured simultaneously and in the same soil layer. In addition, reliable assessment of permeability requires consideration of both soil moisture and penetration resistance. The aim of this work was to develop a prototype of a hand-held combined device in which a volumetric moisture sensor operating on the principle of a galvanic cell is integrated into the Pr measurement cycle, allowing simultaneous measurements at different depths. The device simultaneously determined the penetration resistance acting on the cone, the measurement depth (with a laser sensor), the volumetric moisture (Cu–Zn electrode pair), and the location of the measurement site (GNSS). The moisture sensor was found to be neutral to the influence of the mineral part of the soil on moisture measurement, which in the case of other alternative measurement methods significantly affects the soil moisture measurement data. The calibration of the galvanic moisture sensor was performed under laboratory conditions (VWC 5–50%) based on a gravimetric reference. The relationship was approximately linear at lower moistures and nonlinear at higher moistures. The salinity effect test indicated that the TDR-based reference device gave a strongly overestimated moisture reading in saline soil, while the galvanic cell-based measurement remained within a realistic range compared to the gravimetric method. The results indicate that Pr measurement integrated with a galvanic sensor creates a practical prerequisite for the simultaneous collection of Pr and moisture profiles and is useful in conditions where dielectric methods are affected by salinity or minerality interference.
Kivimeister et al. (Sun,) studied this question.