Although extensive research has been conducted on peristaltic robots, early designs are often constrained by mechanical configurations and material constraints, which restrict kinematic capability, particularly steering control. In contrast, snails steer by modulating mucus secretion to redistribute ventral friction along the foot. Inspired by this strategy, we propose a friction-differential steering mechanism and develop a novel crawler that implements it. The crawler is integrated with a peristaltic robot, and three experiments are conducted to evaluate steering performance. We further establish a physical model of friction-differential steering, including cases identified from the experiments. The proposed model captures the experimentally observed trend that the steering response increases with the friction differential and provides a qualitative physical interpretation of the steering mechanism. Finally, the method is generalized by analyzing its limiting behavior, thereby clarifying the operating bounds of the proposed approach. This work provides a principled framework for steering control in peristaltic robots and offers a promising direction for improving their motion controllability.
Wu et al. (Sat,) studied this question.