Hydronephrosis, ureteral stent presence, a history of open or laparoscopic intervention, hypertension, and higher stone burden were independently associated with the development of pyelonephritis in patients with urolithiasis. Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Identification of these risk factors may support earlier recognition of high-risk patients and guide preventive and therapeutic decision-making. Prospective multi-center studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Sarıkaya et al. (Mon,) studied this question.