Interplay of hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions: an immunohistochemical cross-sectional study

Key Points

• This research examines the relationship between hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions.
• Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF-1α, VEGF, and CD68 expressions in periapical lesions.
• Assessment of the inflammatory microenvironment in periapical granulomas (PGs) and radicular cysts (RCs).
• HIF-1α, VEGF, and CD68 exhibited increased expression in PGs and RCs, indicating a significant interplay of these factors.
• The findings suggest a potential link between hypoxia and enhanced angiogenic activity driven by macrophages in the periapical microenvironment.