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Barreteau, O., P. W. G. Bots, and K. A. Daniell. 2010. A framework for clarifying “participation” in participatory research to prevent its rejection for the wrong reasons. Ecology and Society 15(2): 1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03186-150201
Barreteau et al. (Fri,) studied this question.