This study investigates how Chinese learners of English express manners of motion, examining systematic features, cognitive motivations, and compensatory strategies. While Talmy’s motion events typology and Levin’s verb classification system provide important foundations, both have limitations in capturing the internal semantic granularity of manner verbs and the complexity of learner acquisition. To address this, we construct a 10-level verb typology establishing a “semantic granularity” continuum from concrete to abstract, physical to metaphorical, and lexical to grammatical. Using experimental data (N = 600) and corpus comparisons (COCA vs. learner corpus), we analyze Chinese learners’ manner expression patterns. Results reveal the following: (1) Chinese learners prioritize Path over Manner, overusing lower-level verbs (go, walk, run) while underusing higher-level and fine-grained manner verbs (stroll, scramble), which are preferred by native speakers. (2) Learners favor semi-tight or loose syntactic structures and show a preference for describing Manner precisely by adding other modifiers such as adverbials, prepositions, complements, or subordinate clauses. When it comes to precisely describing specific manners of motion, Chinese learners of English tend to use four strategies—analytic manner externalization, path salience, image-schematic transfer, and semantic simplification—whereas native English speakers typically rely on single verbs with high semantic density. These findings suggest learners’ expression of manner involves both L1 syntactic transfer and target language conceptual adaptation. The 10-level classification continuum advances the theoretical understanding of motion event lexicalization patterns, provides new perspectives for conceptual transfer research, and offer pedagogical implications for Chinese English learners’ accuracy of their expression of manner.
Hao Zhu (Thu,) studied this question.