Technology-enhanced simulation has emerged as an important instructional and operational tool for improving the effectiveness of emergency management education and training. Advanced simulation technologies, including virtual reality (VR), strengthen critical emergency management functions such as planning, forecasting, threat detection, situational awareness, security operations, and information sharing. These capabilities contribute to more informed decision-making and improved coordination among stakeholders, ultimately supporting the preservation of life and protection of property during disasters and other crisis events. As emergency incidents become increasingly complex—often involving natural hazards, technological failures, and human-caused threats—training methods must evolve to prepare future professionals with the skills required to operate in dynamic, high-risk environments. Research indicates that the integration of virtual reality exercises in emergency management training significantly enhances both tabletop exercises and traditional live simulations. Unlike conventional training approaches, VR-based simulations allow participants to engage repeatedly with realistic, immersive scenarios that closely replicate real-world disaster conditions. These environments enable learners to test strategies, evaluate response options, and observe the consequences of decisions in a controlled and risk-free setting. The repeatability and adaptability of VR scenarios allow instructors to modify conditions, introduce new variables, and reinforce learning outcomes across multiple training sessions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of virtual reality in simulation-based training for emergency management courses in higher education. Specifically, the paper explores how VR technology influences instructional practices, student learning outcomes, and the preparedness of emergency management professionals and decision-makers responsible for managing disaster response and recovery operations.
Murphy et al. (Mon,) studied this question.