Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) has emerged as a foundational paradigm of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), enabling seamless integration of human cognitive capabilities with robotic precision, strength, and repeatability within shared workspaces. This paper presents a comprehen- sive survey of HRC in industrial environments, synthesizing recent advances across sensor-based perception, safety control techniques, collaborative robot (cobot) design, and workforce competency requirements. Drawing from an analysis of fifteen key studies spanning assembly, manufacturing, construction, and smart factories, we examine the classification of HRC in- teraction modes—coexistence, synchronization, cooperation, and collaboration—alongside critical enabling technologies including deep learning-based visual perception, motion planning, collision avoidance, ergonomics-oriented control, and digital twins. A structured literature review table, comparative analysis, and key findings discussion are presented. The paper identifies persistent challenges in data collection, model reliability, safety assurance, and human competency alignment, while highlighting promising research directions toward Industry 5.0, where human-centric collaboration becomes the central focus.
Mahadik et al. (Thu,) studied this question.