A Review of Emerging Technologies in Agricultural Post-Harvest Processing and Quality Retention

Post-harvest losses represent one of the most pressing challenges to global food security, with credible estimates indicating that between 14% and 30% of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted before reaching the consumer. Addressing these losses requires a thorough understanding of the physiological, microbiological, and environmental drivers of deterioration, as well as the technological interventions capable of mitigating them. This narrative review synthesises the current state of knowledge on emerging and established technologies in agricultural post-harvest processing and quality retention, drawing primarily on peer-reviewed literature published between 2007 and 2026. The review examines a broad spectrum of approaches including controlled and modified atmosphere technologies; non-thermal processing methods such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultraviolet-C irradiation, pulsed light, ozone treatment, and cold plasma; chemical and biological interventions encompassing edible coatings, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and biocontrol agents; digital and precision technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, and blockchain-based traceability systems; and advanced drying technologies. The synthesis of evidence suggests that whilst each technology demonstrates merit under specific conditions, no single solution universally resolves post-harvest challenges. Integrated multi-technology approaches, supported by robust cold-chain infrastructure and intelligent monitoring systems, are emerging as the most effective strategy. Particular attention is drawn to the disparities in technology adoption between high-income and low-and-middle-income countries, and to the regulatory and economic barriers that impede wider deployment. Future research should prioritise scalable, cost-effective innovations and greater harmonisation of international standards governing post-harvest treatment.