Transforming Agricultural Supply Chains Through Farmer Producer Organizations

India's agriculture sector is dominated by small and marginal farmers who often face challenges related to input access, credit availability, infrastructure, and market connectivity. These issues restrict their ability to participate effectively and profitably in agricultural supply chains. Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a strategic solution to collectively empower farmers, enhance their bargaining power, and improve their integration into value-added supply chains. FPOs are member-based entities that support farmers in procuring quality inputs at lower costs, promoting improved farming practices, and providing access to post-harvest facilities such as storage, grading, and processing. They also facilitate direct market linkages, helping farmers secure better prices and reduce dependency on intermediaries. This paper explores the evolution, structure, and functions of FPOs in India, with an emphasis on their role in improving supply chain efficiency and enhancing farm-level profitability. FPOs such as Sahyadri FPO in Maharashtra and Dharani FPO in Andhra Pradesh illustrate the positive impact of organized farmer groups on income enhancement, resource optimization, and sustainable agriculture. Despite these benefits, FPOs continue to face constraints including limited financial resources, lack of infrastructure, weak governance, and low member engagement. The paper concludes that FPOs have the potential to transform agricultural supply chains by making them more inclusive, efficient, and market oriented. To realize this potential, there is a need for stronger policy support, improved access to finance, capacity building, and professional management. Strengthening the institutional and operational framework of FPOs can significantly contribute to the socioeconomic advancement of smallholder farmers and the overall development of India's rural economy.