The paper explores the thermodynamic principles governing energy systems, with particular emphasis on the exergy method and its contribution to sustainable development. It examines three prominent renewable energy technologies such as Photovoltaics (PV), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), and wind energy, evaluating their performance from an exergy perspective. Compared to conventional energy analysis, exergy provides deeper insights into system efficiency and irreversibility. In photovoltaic systems, exergy analysis effectively quantifies the useful electrical output while accounting for unavoidable thermal losses. For CSP plants, exergy-based evaluation is highlighted as a valuable approach for improving overall system efficiency. In wind energy systems, kinetic exergy is identified as the primary contributor to energy conversion. Beyond technical evaluation, the study also explores the broader application of exergy in linking energy technologies with environmental sustainability, healthcare, and societal well-being. Overall, exergy-based assessment offers a comprehensive framework for identifying performance limitations, enhancing energy quality, and guiding the transition toward a more sustainable energy future. This review synthesizes findings from studies conducted between 2010 and 2025, incorporating experimental, analytical, and simulation-based approaches. Reported exergy efficiencies typically range from 8–15% for PV systems, 25–40% for CSP plants, and 35–50% for wind energy systems, reflecting variations in technology, operating conditions, and system design. • Comprehensive review of thermodynamic principles with a focus on exergy analysis in renewable energy systems. • Detailed exergy assessment of three key technologies: photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and wind power. • Connects exergy analysis to broader sustainability goals, including environmental impact, healthcare, and societal well-being. • Positions exergy-based assessments as a holistic tool for optimizing unconventional resources and guiding sustainable development
Enagandula et al. (Fri,) studied this question.