executive summary: This article analyzes how Vietnam uses multidirectionalism as its de facto defense diplomacy strategy to balance between great powers, protect its national interests and sovereignty, and adhere to international law in an increasingly complex and competitive geopolitical environment. main argument As a small state in a region characterized by power asymmetry and strategic rivalry, Vietnam's security strategy involves developing credible defense capabilities and maintaining a nonaligned and multidirectional posture. Rooted in Hanoi's Four No's policy, a diversified framework of defense partnerships, and active engagement in multilateral defense mechanisms, this approach enhances strategic autonomy, deters unilateral coercion, and promotes a stable security environment without formal alliances. By prioritizing peace and cooperation, along with adherence to international law, Vietnam aims to mitigate external threats, particularly in sensitive areas such as the South China Sea. As such, Vietnam exemplifies how multidirectionalism can serve as a crucial instrument for the defense strategies of small and medium-sized states navigating contemporary security challenges. policy implications • Vietnam's multidirectional defense diplomacy requires balanced cooperation with major powers, including the U.S., China, Russia, India, and Japan, to avoid entanglement in strategic rivalries. Flexibility, noninterference, and respect for differences guide this approach and should align defense policy closely with diplomatic messaging and confidence-building measures. • Vietnam should strengthen multilateral engagement to reduce dependence on any single partner by upholding international law, exercising leadership in ASEAN-led mechanisms, and contributing to UN peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. By skillfully leveraging international norms and institutions, Vietnam can counter coercion and mobilize broader support for its national interests. • Clear communication of Vietnam's defense policy is essential to prevent the risk of misperception. This can be achieved through defense white papers, sustained public diplomacy, participation in regional and global forums, and consistent reaffirmation of the Four No's policy. • Defense-sector reform and capacity building should be advanced by enhancing joint operational capabilities and professional military education to strengthen strategic analysis and anticipatory capacity.
Hoang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.