1: The improper disposal of medications can contaminate soil, water, and ecosystems, making pharmaceutical waste management a serious environmental and public health issue. Antimicrobial resistance, aquatic organism toxicity, and long-term bioaccumulation in the food chain are only a few of the serious hazards associated with pharmaceutical residues in the environment. The main sources of pharmaceutical waste are explored in this review, including unwanted and expired pharmaceuticals, by-products of pharmaceutical manufacturing, and inappropriate disposal methods used by pharmacies, homes, and healthcare facilities. In order to minimize risks to the environment and human health, the World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested a number of disposal strategies, including segregation of hazardous pharmaceutical waste, chemical treatment, burning, and take-back programs. However, regulatory gaps, public and healthcare professional ignorance, and a substandard waste management infrastructure make it difficult to effectively apply these rules. Stricter regulatory frameworks, the creation of environmentally friendly medications, and the encouragement of green pharmacy practices are some of the mitigation techniques needed to address these issues. By educating patients and healthcare professionals, promoting appropriate disposal techniques, and guaranteeing adherence to sustainable waste management policies, pharmacists play a critical role in pharmaceutical waste management. Future studies should concentrate on developing regulations that fortify pharmaceutical waste management systems, enhancing waste treatment technology, and evaluating the long-term environmental effects of pharmaceutical pollutants. To achieve a sustainable and ecologically conscious pharmaceutical waste management system, legislators, medical professionals, researchers, and the general public must work together.
Pandey et al. (Sat,) studied this question.