A Replay-Verifiable Execution Substrate with Hardware-Assisted Identity, Observational Determinism, and CRDT-Consistent Convergence

Abstract We present an event-sourced execution substrate in which all state transitions are governed by a deterministic validation function and recorded in an append-only, hash-linked chronicle.The system separates proposal generation from authority, enforcing admissibility through a compiled governance layer and hardware-assisted identity constraints. To address non-confluence arising from history-dependent validation, we define correctness over observable state rather than full execution traces, yielding observational determinism. We further show that the system admits a CRDT-consistent interpretation at the level of observable projection under admissible schedules. The result is a capability-secure execution model with replay-verifiable state, fail-closed enforcement, and convergence guarantees over admissible event sets.