The Neuropathology of Septic Shock

The neuropathological correlates of encephalopathy and autonomic dysfunction in septic shock are unclear. We performed post mortem analysis of 5 brain areas susceptible to ischemia and 5 autonomic nuclei (AN) in 23 patients who had died in our intensive care unit (ICU) from septic shock and 8 dying from non-septic shock as well as 5 controls who had died suddenly from extracranial injury. Proinflammatory cytokine (IL1-beta and TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Abnormalities in septic shock were: hemorrhages (26%), hypercoagulability syndrome (9%), micro-abscesses (9%), multifocal necrotizing leukoencephalopathy (9%) and ischemia (100%). The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage or hypercoagulability syndrome was not related to clotting disturbances. The intensity of ischemia within susceptible areas was the same in both ICU groups, but more pronounced in the autonomic centers of septic patients (P < 0.0001). Neuronal apoptosis assessed using anti-caspase 3 immunocytochemistry and in situ end labeling was more pronounced in the autonomic nuclei of septic patients. (P < 0.0001). TNF-alpha expression did not differ between groups but vascular iNOS expression assessed by immunocytochemistry was higher in sepsis (P<0.0001) and correlated with autonomic center neuronal apoptosis (P < 0.02). We conclude that septic shock is associated with diffuse cerebral damage and specific autonomic neuronal apoptosis which may be due to circulating factors particularly iNOS.