Deep Learning-Based Watermarking Techniques Challenges: A Review of Current and Future Trends

Abstract The digital revolution places great emphasis on digital media watermarking due to the increased vulnerability of multimedia content to unauthorized alterations. Recently, in the digital boom in the technology of hiding data, research has been tending to perform watermarking with numerous architectures of deep learning, which has explored a variety of problems since its inception. Several watermarking approaches based on deep learning have been proposed, and they have proven their efficiency compared to traditional methods. This paper summarizes recent developments in conventional and deep learning image and video watermarking techniques. It shows that although there are many conventional techniques focused on video watermarking, there are yet to be any deep learning models focusing on this area; however, for image watermarking, different deep learning-based techniques where efficiency in invisibility and robustness depends on the used network architecture are observed. This study has been concluded by discussing possible research directions in deep learning-based video watermarking.