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A general peptide design is presented that links the pH-dependent intramolecular folding of beta-hairpin peptides to their propensity to self-assemble, affording hydrogels rich in beta-sheet. Chemical responsiveness has been specifically engineered into the material by linking intramolecular folding to changes in solution pH, and mechanical responsiveness, by linking hydrogelation to self-assembly. Circular dichroic and infrared spectroscopies show that at low pH individual peptides are unstructured, affording a low-viscosity aqueous solution. Under basic conditions, intramolecular folding takes place, affording amphiphilic beta-hairpins that intermolecularly self-assemble. Rheology shows that the resulting hydrogel is rigid but is shear-thinning. However, quick mechanical strength recovery after cessation of shear is observed due to the inherent self-assembled nature of the scaffold. Characterization of the gelation process, from the molecular level up through the macroscopic properties of the material, suggests that by linking the intramolecular folding of small designed peptides to their ability to self-assemble, responsive materials can be prepared. Cryo-transmission electron and laser scanning confocal microscopies reveal a water-filled porous scaffold on both the nano- and microscale. The environmental responsiveness, morphology, and peptidic nature make this hydrogel a possible material candidate for biomedical and engineering technology.
Schneider et al. (Sat,) studied this question.