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Seven experiments examined the role of spatial attention in apprehending spatial relations above, below, left, and right. In Experiment 1, visual search was difficult when targets differed from distractors only in the spatial relation between their elements. Reaction time increased linearly with display size with a slope greater than 60 ms/item. In Experiment 2, search was easy (the slope was flat) when targets differed from distractors in the identity of their elements. In Experiments 3 and 4, target position was cued with a discrepant color, and performance was better when attention was pulled toward spatial-relation targets than away from them. Experiments 5-7 generalized the results over different displays and extended practice. The results suggest that apprehending spatial relations requires spatial attention.
Gordon D. Logan (Sat,) studied this question.