Best practices along the kidney transplantation clinical journey

Background: Kidney transplantation (KTx) practices vary across healthcare systems, yet the operational components of best practice (BP) along the clinical pathway remain incompletely defined. This study aimed to identify key best practice elements across the kidney transplantation journey in four European countries. Methods: = 253 respondents, including patients, living donors, nephrologists, transplant surgeons, transplant coordinators, and hospital administrators) assessed clinical practice and patient experience across four domains: CKD management, kidney donation and transplantation, transplant recipient care, and service governance. Semi-structured focus group interviews were performed in each country to contextualise survey findings. Ethics approval was obtained in accordance with national requirements. Results: Key elements for best practices along the KTx clinical journey were identified: (1) development of protocols to standardise the variable monitoring of CKD, to minimize urban-rural differences in clinical practice due to limited resources and follow-up care; (2) enhanced primary care training and targeted resource allocation to diagnose and monitor early-stage CKD; (3) donor coordination and promotion of living donation, addressing gaps in patient awareness and access to care; (4) development of communication protocols on living donation; (5) implementation of targeted patient and donor educational campaigns on living donation; (6) enhanced post-transplant follow-up care by nephrologists; (7) integration of quality-of-life assessments and psychological donor support post-transplantation; (8) increased availability of transplant coordinators to promote equitable resource allocation and the adoption of innovative practices; (9) streamlined governance structures along clinical journey; and (10) equitable funding models with consistent reimbursement policies across patient groups. Conclusions: This study provides a cross-national, mixed-methods framework for strengthening equity, coordination, and quality in kidney transplantation. Addressing variability in monitoring pathways, referral structures, patient-centred outcomes, and workforce capacity may enhance implementation of international transplantation guidelines and improve patient and donor outcomes.