On speaker-independent, speaker-dependent, and speaker-adaptive speech recognition

The DARPA Resource Management task is used as the domain to investigate the performance of speaker-independent, speaker-dependent, and speaker-adaptive speech recognition. The authors already have a state-of-the-art speaker-independent speech recognition system, SPHINX. The error rate for RM2 test set is 4.3%. They extended SPHINX to speaker-dependent speech recognition. The error rate is reduced to 1.4-2.6% with 600-2400 training sentences for each speaker, which demonstrated a substantial difference between speaker-dependent and -independent systems. Based on speaker-independent models, a study was made of speaker-adaptive speech recognition. With 40 adaptation sentences for each speaker, the error rate can be reduced from 4.3% to 3.1%.>