The D allele of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism was associated with a non-significant trend toward an increased risk of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.84).
Cross-Sectional (n=242)
No
Is the ACE I/D gene polymorphism associated with the development of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?
The ACE I/D gene polymorphism (D allele and DD genotype) is associated with T2DM in Iraqi patients, with a trend toward an association with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
Effect estimate: OR 1.84 (95% CI 0.99-3.42)
Absolute Event Rate: 81.82% vs 70.97%
p-value: p=0.054
Abstract Background Studies have shown a direct association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and diabetic neuropathies. As such, ACE gene polymorphisms could be a risk factor for cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with diabetes. The objective of our study was to investigate the association of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the development of CAN in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results This is a cross-sectional study that included 142 patients with T2DM comprising 62 males and 80 females, and 100 volunteers served as a healthy control group. Cardiac autonomic functions were tested using four standard Ewing’s noninvasive tests. Blood samples were taken for genetic evaluation of an ACE gene I/D polymorphism. Analyzing ACE gene polymorphism revealed that the D allele was far more frequent among patients with diabetes than healthy control subjects (76.07% vs. 62.67%). The frequency of I/I, I/D, and D/D genotypes in patients with diabetes was 8.55%, 30.77%, and 60.68%, respectively, compared with 18.67%, 37.33%, and 44%, respectively, in controls with a significant difference in mutant homozygous genotype. However, there were no significant differences in these genotypes between patients with and without CAN. Although patients with CAN showed a much higher frequency of D allele than those without CAN, the difference did not reach significance ( p = 0.054). Conclusion The DD genotype and D allele of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism can be a risk factor for T2DM, and the D allele of this polymorphism can even be associated with the development of CAN in these patients.
Dhumad et al. (Sun,) conducted a cross-sectional in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (n=242). ACE I/D gene polymorphism (D allele) vs. I allele was evaluated on Development of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 1.84, 95% CI 0.99-3.42, p=0.054). The D allele of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism was associated with a non-significant trend toward an increased risk of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.84).