In environments where GNSS signals are unavailable—such as indoor spaces, underground facilities, and forested areas—autonomous UAV navigation faces challenges related to localization uncertainty and limited onboard sensing capability. This study proposes a lightweight navigation framework using a single Intel RealSense D435i depth camera, integrating RTAB-Map SLAM, DWA-based local planning, and a direction-oriented frontier exploration strategy. The proposed exploration strategy introduces heading consistency into frontier target selection to support navigation in directionally constrained environments. The system is implemented within the ROS framework and evaluated in Gazebo/ArduPilot SITL simulation environments under low-, medium-, and high-density obstacle configurations. The results show that the system successfully completed autonomous traversal and return-to-home missions across all scenarios, with traversal RMSE values of 0.195 m, 0.197 m, and 0.420 m and return RMSE values of 0.295 m, 0.474 m, and 1.084 m, respectively. Qualitative dynamic-obstacle tests further demonstrate the system’s capability for local map updating and replanning. It should be noted that the current evaluation is primarily simulation-based and conducted in simplified environments. Therefore, the results are interpreted as initial system-level validation rather than full real-world deployment verification. The proposed system should not be directly interpreted as a ready-to-deploy real-world UAV navigation solution. Future work will focus on physical UAV experiments and more realistic GNSS-denied environments.
Wu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.