This article examines fire safety challenges arising from additional physical protection measures at critical infrastructure facilities under modern military threats, drawing on Ukraine’s experience. It shows that reinforced concrete shelters and anti-drone systems significantly alter fire safety conditions in existing buildings. Key risks include restricted firefighting access, compromised evacuation routes, reduced ventilation and lighting, and disruption of engineering systems. Using a representative case study, the research analyzes changes in accessibility, evacuation, and formation of enclosed spaces. Numerical modeling of internal explosions reveals that although catastrophic structural failure is unlikely, increased loads may threaten personnel and systems if not considered in design. The study also highlights difficulties integrating ventilation and other systems within protective structures, noting risks such as humidity, corrosion, and degradation. It concludes that protection measures must be combined with a comprehensive, risk-based approach to ensure fire safety, operational reliability, and resilience throughout the facility life cycle.
Ballo et al. (Thu,) studied this question.