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Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1: The Context and Consequences of Theory Theory in Social Context Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 2: The Search for the Man Spiritualism The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined The Consequence of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 3: Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context Shaw and McKay's Theory of Juvenile Delinquency Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association The Chicago School's Criminological Legacy Control and Culture in the Community Akers's Social Learning Theory The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 4: Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories Merton's Strain Theory Status Discontent and Delinquency The Criminological Legacy of Classic Strain Theory Agnew's General Strain Theory A Theory of African American Offending Crime and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory The Market Economy and Crime The Future of Strain Theory The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 5: Society as Insulation: The Origins of Control Theory Forerunners of Control Theory Early Control Theories Reckless's Containment Theory Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory Control Theory in Context Further Readings CHAPTER 6: The Complexity of Control: Hirschi's Two Theories and Beyond Hirschi's First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquency Hirschi's Second Theory: Self-Control and Crime The Complexity of Control The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 7: The Irony of State Intervention: Labeling Theory The Social Construction of Crime Labeling as Criminogenic: Creating Career Criminals The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Extending Labeling Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 8: Social Power and the Construction of Crime: Conflict Theory Forerunners of Conflict Theory Theory in Context: The Turmoil of the 1960s Advancing Conflict Theory: Turk, Chambliss, and Quinney Conflict Theory and the Causes of Crime Consequences of Conflict Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 9: The Variety of Critical Theory Modernity and Postmodernity Postmodern Criminological Thought: The End of Grand Narratives? Looking Back at Early British and European Influences Early Left Realism The New Criminology Revisited Left Realism Today Changing Social Context New Directions in Criminological Theory: Death and the Birth of New Ideas The New European Criminology Green Criminology Cultural Criminology Convict Criminology Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 10: The Gendering of Criminology: Feminist Theory Background Prefeminist Pioneers and Themes The Emergence of New Questions: Bringing Women In The Second Wave: From Women's Emancipation to Patriarchy Varieties of Feminist Thought The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender Masculinities and Crime Gendering Criminology Postmodernist Feminism and the Third Wave Consequences of Feminist Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 11: Crimes of the Powerful: Theories of White-Collar Crime The Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Edwin H. Sutherland Organizational Culture Organizational Strain and Opportunity Deciding to Offend State-Corporate Crime Consequences of White-Collar Crime Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 12: Bringing Punishment Back In: Conservative Criminology Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s Varieties of Conservative Theory Crime and Human Nature: Wilson and Herrnstein Crime and The Bell Curve: Herrnstein and Murray The Criminal Mind Choosing to Be Criminal: Crime Pays Crime and Moral Poverty Broken Windows: The Tolerance of Public Disorganization Consequences of Conservative Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 13: Choosing Crime in Everyday Life: Routine Activity and Rational Choice Theories Routine Activity Theory: Opportunities and Crime Rational Choice Theory Perceptual Deterrence Theory Situational Action Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 14: The Search for the Man Revisited: Biosocial Theories Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Revisited Social Concern Theory: Evolutionary Psychology Revisited Neuroscience: Neurological and Biochemical Theories Genetics Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 15: New Directions in Biosocial Theory: Perspectives and Policies Biosocial Risk and Protective Factors Environmental Toxins The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 16: The Development of Criminals: Life-Course Theories Integrated Theories of Crime Life-Course Criminology: Continuity and Change Criminology in Crisis: Gottfredson and Hirschi Revisited Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental Model Moffitt's Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory Sampson and Laub: Social Bond Theory Revisited Rethinking Crime: Cognitive Theories of Desistance The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors
Lilly et al. (Mon,) studied this question.