Abstract Energy-efficient routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a critical challenge due to uneven energy depletion and dynamic topology changes. The paper suggests a Lifetime-Aware Ant Colony Optimization-based Routing Algorithm (LTAWSN) which incorporates the residual energy, hop count and spatial proximity to probability routing. The proposed approach, in contrast to the traditional Ant Colony Optimization (ACA) and Energy-Aware ACA (EAACA) uses two energy metrics and spatial awareness to balance energy usage and enhance routing efficiency. LTAWSN performance is measured by using NS-2 simulations and compared to the performance of ACLR and ACA and EAACA. The simulation outcomes indicate that LTAWSN can save the energy consumption by 18–25%, enhancement in the percentage of packet delivery (PDR) by 6–10%, and network lifetime in different node densities. These findings verify the suitability of the proposed strategy to increase the network stability, reliability, and energy balancing in WSNs settings.
Kandasamy et al. (Sun,) studied this question.