The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others.

The holds that emotional experiences are derived from expressions. Ten published studies indicating that manipulated expressions do produce corresponding emotional experience are contrasted with Tourangeau and Ellsworth's sole published to demonstrate relation. Six other studies using a different but theoretically consistent paradigm also demonstrate effects. Related results in many of these 16 studies effectively rule out experimental demand as an explanation and instead suggest similarities in process between and hunger, attitude change and self-evaluation. Recently Tourangeau and Ellsworth (1979) failed in an attempt to show that subjects induced to adopt expressions of emotion, would then report feeling those emotions. The authors believed that they were testing a related to, though not directly contained in the emotion theories of Tomkins (1962) and Izard (1977), namely, that the experience of emotion is derived from from expressions. Tourangeau and Ellsworth (1979) concluded from their study that the facial feedback was not tenable and that cast some doubt on the larger theories as well. Subsequently, Tomkins (1981) and Izard (1981) both wrote replies to that article, in large measure disowning empirical form of the on grounds that feeling required more than such simple movements. Hager and Ekman (1981), in the same issue, argue on methodologica l grounds that the experimental would not be expected to be confirmed. Ellsworth and Tourangeau (1981) then found themselves defending their attack on this authorless hypothesis (p. 363) and their failure to disconfirm what nobody ever said (p. 363). The reader of the Tourangeau and Ellsworth article and the subsequent series of replies