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The authors present botanical trees as models of biological objects, first by defining their developmental rules in a discrete grammatical form, then by defining them in continuous geometric forms. Having analyzed these models from several standpoints, they have developed an interactive synthetic tree manipulation system called the A-system. The A-system incorporates such constructs as leaves, shadows, and shades and can perform three-dimensional transformations of a tree. One of its applications is to assist with landscaping, which includes gardening and the design of street plants.
Aono et al. (Tue,) studied this question.