Commitment Issues? How Investors Perceive and React to the Different Roles of Hybrid Entrepreneurs

Hybrid entrepreneurs who retain salaried or academic roles are often viewed as insufficiently committed by investors. Yet, maintaining a hybrid employment status can also be a strategic pathway into high-growth venturing. Drawing on Role Congruity Theory, we examine how Venture Capital funds and angel investors evaluate hybrid founders and how founders adapt over time. Using 17 semi-structured interviews with investors and hybrid entrepreneurs in two European ecosystems and two longitudinal case studies of research-intensive ventures, we inductively theorize hybrid venturing as a congruity alignment trajectory and derive propositions linking investor role expectations, founder adaptation, and ecosystem support structures.