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Triangular voltage waveform was employed to distinguish the contributions of dielectric permittivity, electric conductivity and domain switching in current-electric field curves. At the same time, it is shown how those contributions can affect the shape of the electric displacement — electric field loops (D–E loops). The effects of frequency, temperature and microstructure (point defects, grain size and texture) on the ferroelectric properties of several ferroelectric compositions is reported, including: BaTiO 3 ; lead zirconate titanate (PZT); lead-free Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 ; perovskite-like layer structured A 2 B 2 O 7 with super high Curie point (T c ); Aurivillius phase ferroelectric Bi 3.15 Nd 0.5 Ti 3 O 12 ; and multiferroic Bi 0.89 La 0.05 Tb 0.06 FeO 3 . This systematic study provides an instructive outline in the measurement of ferroelectric properties and the analysis and interpretation of experimental data.
Yan et al. (Sat,) studied this question.