Community health worker–facilitated telehealth for moderate–severe hypertension care in Kenya and Uganda: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is underdiagnosed and undertreated in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving hypertension treatment within primary health centers can improve cardiovascular disease outcomes; however, individuals with moderate-severe hypertension face additional barriers to care, including the need for frequent clinic visits to titrate medications. We conducted a pilot study to test whether a clinician-driven, community health worker (CHW)-facilitated telehealth intervention would improve hypertension control among adults with severe hypertension in rural Uganda and Kenya. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of hypertension treatment delivered via telehealth by a clinician (adherence assessment, counseling, decision-making) and facilitated by a CHW in the participant's home, compared to clinic-based hypertension care (NCT04810650). We recruited adults ≥40 years with BP ≥ 160/100 mmHg at household screening by CHWs, with no restrictions by HIV status. After initial evaluation at the clinic, participants were randomized to telehealth or clinic-based hypertension follow-up. Randomization assignment was not blinded, except for the study statistician. All participants were treated using standard country guideline-based antihypertensive drugs. The primary outcome was hypertension control at 24 weeks (BP < 140/90 mmHg). We also assessed hypertension control at 48 weeks. In intention-to-treat analyses, we compared outcomes between randomized arms with targeted minimum loss-based estimation using sample-splitting to select optimal adjustment covariates (candidates: age, sex, baseline hypertension severity, and country). We screened 2,965 adults ≥40 years, identifying 266 (9%) with severe hypertension and enrolling 200 (98 telehealth arms, 102 clinic arms). Participants were 67% women, median age of 62 years (Q1-Q3 51-72); 14% with HIV. Week 24 blood pressure was measured in 96/99 intervention and 99/102 control participants; week 24 hypertension control was 77% in telehealth and 51% in clinic arms (risk difference (RD) 26%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 14%, 38%, p < 0.001). Week 48 hypertension control was 86% in telehealth and 44% in clinic arms (RD 42%, 95% CI 30%, 53%, p < 0.001). Three participants died (telehealth: 2, clinic: 1); all deaths were unrelated to the study interventions. Our study was limited by its small sample size, although findings are strengthened by being conducted in three primary health centers across two countries. CONCLUSION: In this pilot, RCT, clinician-driven, CHW-facilitated telehealth for hypertension management improved hypertension control and reduced severe hypertension compared to clinic-based care. Telehealth focused on individuals with moderate-severe hypertension is a promising approach to improve outcomes among those with the highest risk for CVD.