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Purpose This study aims to examine the role of governance, integration and policy-oriented social strategies in shaping CE-based infrastructure projects in Malaysia. By identifying, categorizing and validating key social strategies, this study provides empirical support for theoretically derived dimensions, highlighting the essential role of social-organizational in CE implementation. Design/methodology/approach This study engaged 156 practitioners and experts who are directly involved in CE-related initiatives from various regions throughout Malaysia. Exploratory factor analysis established the core social strategic dimensions, followed by partial least squares – structural equation modelling to examine the hypothesized relationships. Findings The findings highlight that social sustainability in CE-based infrastructure is not driven by isolated interventions, but by the systemic alignment of transparent governance, inclusive integration and coherent policy frameworks. These three strategic dimensions were found to significantly and positively influence social sustainability in CE-based infrastructure projects (p 0.01). Governance enhances accountability, transparency and trust; integration facilitates participatory collaboration among public, private and community actors; and policy institutionalizes inclusivity and long-term societal benefits. Originality/value This study advances CE scholarship by positioning social strategies as a core pillar, rather than a peripheral element, of circular transformation. It provides empirical validation for a holistic framework that embeds governance, stakeholder inclusion and policy coherence into CE-based infrastructure planning. The findings offer practical guidance for policymakers and industry leaders involved in ongoing national initiatives such as the Twelfth Malaysia Plan and the National Circular Economy Roadmap (2021–2040), and contribute to broader international sustainability agendas, particularly the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Razak et al. (Wed,) studied this question.