Synergistic Effects of ACE Inhibition and Ang II Antagonism on Blood Pressure, Cardiac Weight, and Renin in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

BACKGROUND: Blockade of type 1 angiotensin (Ang) II receptors combined with ACE inhibition may amplify the efficacy of the renin-angiotensin system blockade because ACE inhibitors do not completely and permanently suppress Ang II production. METHODS AND RESULTS: Enalapril or losartan (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) or their combination was administered for 2 to 4 weeks to spontaneously hypertensive rats. The combination of low doses of each agent induced greater reductions in blood pressure (BP) and left ventricular weight/body weight (LVW/ BW) ratio than monotherapy with the same or higher doses. When approximately equipotent regimens of enalapril, losartan, and their combination, as judged by BP fall, were compared, there were similar increases in plasma and renal renin and in plasma Ang-(1-7) and Ang I and similar reductions in plasma angiotensinogen. Enalapril alone reduced plasma Ang II levels, and losartan alone increased Ang II levels. The combination of enalapril with losartan prevented or reduced the increase in Ang II levels observed with losartan alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that the synergistic interaction between the effects of low doses of enalapril and losartan on BP and LVW/BW ratio is due to more effective inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system by their combination than by either agent alone. When both drugs are given together, the ACE inhibitor-induced fall in plasma Ang II results in modulation of the Ang II antagonist-induced reactive rise in Ang II, thereby lowering the plasma Ang II concentration, which competes with the antagonist for the Ang II receptors.