Mobile technology access and use among youth in Nairobi, Kenya: implications for mobile health intervention design

Background: Social media can be used to support the health of underserved youth beyond clinical settings. Young people are avid users of social media, but estimates of smartphone access among youth in sub-Saharan Africa are lacking, making it difficult to determine context-appropriateness of online and social media interventions. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational survey assessing technology access and use among youth aged 14–24 receiving general outpatient or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in three hospitals in Nairobi, Kenya. Correlates of smartphone access and social media use were evaluated by Poisson regression. Results: Of 600 youth, 301 were receiving general outpatient care and 299 HIV care. Median age was 18 years. Overall, 416 (69%) had access to a mobile phone and 288 (48%) to a smartphone. Of those with smartphones, 260 (90%) used social media. Smartphone access varied by facility (40% at the sub-county hospital vs. 55% at the national referral hospital, P=0.004) and was associated with older age 65% in 20–24-year-old vs. 37% in 14–19-year-old, adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.58, 95% CI: 1.30–1.92, secondary vs. primary education (aPR 2.59, 95% CI: 1.76–3.81), and HIV vs. general outpatient care (aPR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01–1.38). Social media use was similarly associated with facility, older age, higher education, and male gender. Conclusions: These data suggest that smartphone-based and social media interventions are accessible in Nairobi, Kenya, in the general population and youth living with HIV, and most appropriate for older youth. Intervention developers and policymakers should consider smartphone and social media interventions as candidates for youth health programs, while noting that heterogeneity of access between and within communities requires tailoring to the specific intervention context to avoid excluding the most vulnerable youth.