Cardiovascular Research: Past, Present and Future

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. While interventional and preventative medicine has considerably changed the face of clinical practice, at the molecular level, treatment has not altered in recent decades and is still directed towards alleviating symptoms or mitigating the underlying cause rather than regenerating damaged heart muscle. This is surprising, given the explosion of research in this area in the 1970's, and the fact that research output has continued to increase exponentially. With the incidence of heart failure on the rise, a trend predicted to continue, it is imperative that treatment strategies are improved. The development and adoption of molecular interventions might therefore present the most fruitful avenue in providing the greatest impact on mortality rates. This commentary aims to reflect on the earliest documented studies of human cardiovascular physiology, to surgical interventions in the 12 th , to the first molecular studies in the 20 th , to current pharmacological treatments. With this knowledge in mind, the future of molecular approaches in treating heart failure and cardiovascular conditions will be considered.