Analyzing the dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) supply-demand and their drivers is essential for sustainable ecosystem management. However, spatiotemporal heterogeneity has not been adequately considered in current research, limiting the development of spatially differentiated management strategies. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of supply, demand, and mismatches of ESs in Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration (HCUA), China. By integrating supply-demand patterns, we delineated ecosystem service bundles (ESBs), dissected the trade-offs and synergies within each bundle, and characterized their spatial distribution to identify hotspots of service interactions. The dominant drivers and their spatial effects on ESBs formation were explored using geographical detector and geographically weighted regression models. The results revealed significant spatial mismatches between ESs supply and demand. Ecological deficits were concentrated in urbanized centers, whereas surpluses were found in southeast regions. The study area was categorized into five ESBs with distinct supply-demand patterns. ESs interactions exhibited significant variability across bundles, with synergies predominated among most services, yet notable trade-offs emerged between water yield and regulating services in the southeast mountainous areas. The spatial distribution of trade-offs and synergies hotspots exhibited significant variability across ESBs. Socioeconomic factors played a critical role in shaping supply-demand relationships, while the vegetation cover and topography also emerged as key determinants in the Bundles of the southeast areas. The primary drivers not only diverged across ESBs but also exhibited highly heterogeneous impacts. This study emphasized the significance of spatial heterogeneity in ESs research and provided critical insights for designing spatially targeted management strategies in the HCUA.
Kai et al. (Thu,) studied this question.