LLM4CAD: Multi-Modal Large Language Models for 3D Computer-Aided Design Generation

Abstract The evolution of multimodal large language models (LLMs) capable of processing diverse input modalities (e.g., text and images) holds new prospects for their application in engineering design, such as the generation of 3D computer-aided design (CAD) models. However, little is known about the ability of multimodal LLMs to generate 3D design objects, and there is a lack of quantitative assessment. In this study, we develop an approach to enable two LLMs, GPT-4 and GPT-4V, to generate 3D CAD models (i.e., LLM4CAD) and perform experiments to evaluate their efficacy. To address the challenge of data scarcity for multimodal LLM studies, we created a data synthesis pipeline to generate CAD models, sketches, and image data of typical mechanical components (e.g., gears and springs) and collect their natural-language descriptions with dimensional information using Amazon Mechanical Turk. We positioned the CAD program (programming script for CAD design) as a bridge, facilitating the conversion of LLMs’ textual output into tangible CAD design objects. We focus on two critical capabilities: the generation of syntactically correct CAD programs (Cap1) and the accuracy of the parsed 3D shapes (Cap2) quantified by intersection over union. The results show that both GPT-4 and GPT-4V demonstrate potential in 3D CAD generation. Specifically, on average, GPT-4V outperforms when processing only text-based input, exceeding the results obtained using multimodal inputs, such as text with image, for Cap 1 and Cap 2. However, when examining category-specific results of mechanical components, while the same trend still holds for Cap 2, the prominence of multimodal inputs is increasingly evident for more complex geometries (e.g., springs and gears) in Cap 1. The potential of multimodal LLMs in enhancing 3D CAD generation is clear, but their application must be carefully calibrated to the complexity of the target CAD models to be generated.