Downregulation of L-type Ca2+ current in patients with atrial fibrillation results from altered channel gating and disruption of membrane microdomains

BACKGROUND: ). OBJECTIVE: remodeling in chronic AF. METHODS: reduction. RESULTS: . CONCLUSION: downregulation in AF is driven by chamber-specific degradation of membrane structures and loss of functional LTCCs, not offset by increased channel activity. Caveolin-3 is crucial for maintaining functional LTCCs at the sarcolemma.