Participation of prefrontal neurons in the preparation of visually guided eye movements in the rhesus monkey

We recorded from 257 neurons in the banks of the posterior third of the principal sulcus of two rhesus monkeys trained to look at a fixation point and make saccades to stimuli in the visual periphery. Sixty-six percent (220/257) discharged or were suppressed in association with one or more aspects of the tasks we used. 2. Fifty-eight percent (151/257) of the neurons responded to the appearance of a spot of light in some part of the contralateral visual field. Cells did not seem to have absolute requirements for stimulus shape, size, or direction of motion. 3. Thirty-six percent (29/79) of visually responsive neurons tested quantitatively gave an enhanced response to the stimulus in the receptive field when the monkey had to make a saccade to the stimulus when its appearance was synchronous with the disappearance of the fixation point (synchron task). Twenty-nine percent (19/57) of the neurons gave an enhanced response to the stimulus when the monkey had to make a saccade to the stimulus some time after it appeared (delayed-saccade task). In general, enhancement in the synchron task correlated well with enhancement in the delayed-saccade task. 4. Enhancement was spatially specific. It did not occur when the monkey made a saccade to a stimulus outside the receptive field even though there was a stimulus within the receptive field. 5. Twenty-three percent (27/117) of neurons studied in the delayed-saccade task gave two bursts, one at the appearance of the stimulus and a second one around the saccade. This second burst generally did not occur when the monkey made the same saccade to a remembered target, but instead required the presence of the visual stimulus, and so we describe it as a reactivation of the visual response. Reactivation was also spatially specific. 6. The latency from reactivation to the beginning of the saccade ranged from 160 ms before the saccade to the beginning of the saccade. Reactivation usually continued for several hundred milliseconds after the saccade, sometimes for the duration of the trial. 7. Reactivation and enhancement are not the same mechanism. Although some cells showed both phenomena there was no correlation between enhancement and reactivation. 8. Cells that showed reactivation in the saccade task also showed reactivation at a weaker level in a suppressed-saccade task. In this task the monkeys had to hold fixation despite the disappearance of the fixation point and the continued presence of the peripheral stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)