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OBJECTIVE: Parental trauma exposure and trauma-related distress can increase the risk of adverse health outcomes in offspring, but the pathways implicated in intergenerational transmission are not fully explicated. Accelerated biological aging may be one mechanism underlying less favorable health in trauma-exposed individuals and their offspring. This study examines the associations of preconception maternal and paternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with child telomere length, and maternal prenatal C-reactive protein (CRP) as a biological mechanism. METHODS: Mothers (n = 127) and a subset of the fathers (n = 84) reported on PTSD symptoms before conception. Mothers provided blood spots in the second and third trimesters that were assayed for CRP. At age 4 years, children provided buccal cells for measurement of telomere length. Models adjusted for parental age, socioeconomic status, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, child biological sex, and child age. RESULTS: Mothers' PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with shorter child telomere length (β = -0. 22, SE = 0. 10, p =. 023). Fathers' PTSD symptoms were also inversely associated with child telomere length (β = -0. 21, SE = 0. 11), although nonsignificant (p =. 065). There was no significant indirect effect of mothers' PTSD symptoms on child telomere length through CRP in pregnancy, but higher second-trimester CRP was significantly associated with shorter child telomere length (β = -0. 35, SE = 0. 18, p =. 048). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal symptoms of PTSD before conception and second-trimester inflammation were associated with shorter telomere length in offspring in early childhood, independent of covariates. Findings indicate that intergenerational transmission of parental trauma may occur in part through accelerated biological aging processes and provide further evidence that prenatal proinflammatory processes program child telomere length. Open Science Framework Preregistration: https: //osf. io/7c2d5/? viewₒnly=cd0fb81f48db4b8f9c59fc8bb7b0ef97.
Rinne et al. (Fri,) studied this question.